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      计算机网络基础知识
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        <ul>
<li><p>OSI七层模型</p>
<ul>
<li>物理层<ul>
<li>实际最终信号的传输是通过物理层实现的。通过物理介质传输比特流。规定了电平、速度和电缆针脚。常用设备有（各种物理设备）集线器、中继器、调制解调器、网线、双绞线、同轴电缆。这些都是物理层的传输介质。<ul>
<li>快递寄送过程中的交通工具，就相当于我们的物理层，例如汽车，火车，飞机，船</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>数据链路层<ul>
<li>将比特组合成字节,再将字节组合成帧,使用链路层地址 (以太网使用MAC地址)来访问介质,并进行差错检测<ul>
<li>媒体访问控制子层（MAC）<ul>
<li>LLC子层定义了一些字段使上次协议能共享数据链路层</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>逻辑链路控制子层（LLC）<ul>
<li>MAC子层处理CSMA/CD算法、数据出错校验、成帧等</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>网络层</p>
<ul>
<li>本层通过IP寻址来建立两个节点之间的连接，为源端的运输层送来的分组，选择合适的路由和交换节点，正确无误地按照地址传送给目的端的运输层。就是通常说的IP层。这一层就是我们经常说的IP协议层。IP协议是Internet的基础</li>
<li>网络层就相当于快递公司庞大的快递网络，全国不同的集散中心，比如说，从深圳发往北京的顺丰快递（陆运为例啊，空运好像直接就飞到北京了），首先要到顺丰的深圳集散中心，从深圳集散中心再送到武汉集散中心，从武汉集散中心再寄到北京顺义集散中心。这个每个集散中心，就相当于网络中的一个IP节点。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>传输层</p>
<ul>
<li>传输层建立了主机端到端的链接，传输层的作用是为上层协议提供端到端的可靠和透明的数据传输服务，包括处理差错控制和流量控制等问题</li>
<li>传输层就相当于公司中的负责快递邮件收发的人，公司自己的投递员，他们负责将上一层的要寄出的资料投递到快递公司或邮局</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>会话层</p>
<ul>
<li>会话层就是负责建立、管理和终止表示层实体之间的通信会话。该层的通信由不同设备中的应用程序之间的服务请求和响应组成。    </li>
<li>会话层的同事拿到表示层的同事转换后资料，会话层的同事那里可能会掌握本公司与其他好多公司的联系方式，这里公司就是实际传递过程中的实体。他们要管理本公司与外界好多公司的联系会话。当接收到表示层的数据后，会话层将会建立并记录本次会话，他首先要找到公司B的地址信息，然后将整份资料放进信封，并写上地址和联系方式。准备将资料寄出。等到确定公司B接收到此份报价单后，此次会话就算结束了，外联部的同事就会终止此次会话<br>传输层+会话层=SSL</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>表示层</p>
<ul>
<li>表示层提供各种用于应用层数据的编码和转换功能,确保一个系统的应用层发送的数据能被另一个系统的应用层识别</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>应用层<ul>
<li>OSI参考模型中最靠近用户的一层，是为计算机用户提供应用接口，也为用户直接提供各种网络服务</li>
<li>我们常见应用层的网络服务协议有：HTTP，HTTPS，FTP，POP3、SMTP<ul>
<li>发送的商业报价单</li>
<li>发一份商业合同</li>
<li>发一份询价单</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>通信特点<ul>
<li>对等通信      </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>TCP/IP五层模型</li>
</ul>

      
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